Business Research Project Essay Example for Free

Business Research Project Essay Peacefulness Stay Long Term Care is a Specialty Hospital situated in Memphis, Tennessee. The organization is a 50 bed office that takes into account patients on ventilators, patients requiring active recuperation, and patients requiring wound consideration. The office has been losing a ton of good Register Nursing (R.N.) faculty and Human Resource imagines that it is a result of the long 12 hours days required to work. To give exceptional consideration to our patients Serenity Stay must figure out how to keep great R. N. work force. Tranquility Stay Long Term Care Hospital and Human Resources should concentrate on the accompanying examination question, is working 12 hours’ worth the hazard, since it is exhausting the nursing staff? Or then again should the executives take a gander at changing the hours to profit staff needs, which might lessen a drop in loss of staff? The principal thing we will take a gander at is to check whether o12 hour move are causing our nursing staff work force to exhaust medical attendants at Serenity Stay is causing a drop in business. Also we will take a gander at is if working the 12 hours move isn't the reason for loss of nursing faculty. Group A designs to test climate keeping a 12 hour move or returning to a 8 hour move will help keep the attendants upbeat. We will lead studies, talk with different offices that are encountering similar issues, and talk with the staff in question. On the off chance that working 12 hours shifts give off an impression of being the issue, at that point we could take a gander at returning to 8 hour shifts, Townsend, T. (2013). Are twelve hour shifts safe? Recovered fromhttp://www.american nurture today

Ethnic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Ethnic Studies - Essay Example The film presents a convincing romantic tale about a couple from various races. Jihah is in quest for the American dream and depict s himself from the Korean culture. He makes Sophie glad by giving her a kid, which is her long lasting dream. The film isn't about who Sophie winds up with, yet rather in the event that she gets upbeat. She picks up her self-satisfaction through the relationship with Jihah, who she agreements to make her pregnant and spare her marriage. All things considered, they are the two outsiders who engage in sexual relations, however frantically attempt to maintain a strategic distance from closeness. In their cold experiences, the two obviously appear to battle the need to bond. In the long run and unavoidably, they wind up seeing someone the business idea of their relationship. In spite of the fact that Sophie is a wealthy lady, her barren spouse, who is likewise Korean, places her in an unbalanced situation where she can't be a mother. The way that she recruits somebody to inseminate her makes it fit towards a cross-class relationship, yet the later sentimental relationship implies that it is an interracial relationship. Furthermore, Sophie dates an affluent Korean man and this connotes their interracial relationship. Despite the fact that there is the trading of cash, a late-sprouting enthusiasm modifies the upbeat finish of the film. None of them anticipated the feelings that go with their interracial

Video Lesson Using Advanced Search Effectively

Video Lesson Using Advanced Search Effectively (4) Level: All Length: 2:54 Looking for more? Click here to see all of our video lessons and infographics. The Internet is a big place. So big, in fact, that a quick search online often results in thousands, even millions, of matching results. Sifting through page after page of results can be draining and frustrating, especially if you’re not finding what you need for your specific research purpose. The advanced search feature allows researchers (you!) to find the information they need quickly and easily. What is advanced searching? Advanced searching is the act of narrowing search results, with the help of filters, to match research needs. Advanced searching allows researchers to limit their results to display: certain types of files, such as pdfs, PowerPoints, jpgs, and others sources in a specific language websites ending with a specific domain, such as .edu, .gov, .org, and others sources published on an exact date or a date range materials with certain usage rights (for sharing or modification purposes) sources with certain words or phrases omitted or included sites and resources from specific countries For Teachers Advanced searching is available on most search engines and databases and is a time saver during the research process. This is why it’s so important to provide our students with the understanding and knowledge of how to use advanced searching. The Advanced Search How To video provides students with an understanding of: why the advanced search feature on search engines and databases are helpful how to access the advanced search features on Google and Yahoo! and the various options available on each how the use of quotation marks and boolean operators (and, or, not) can benefit search queries the use of database limiters to narrow results other various strategies to help with the search process Don’t forget to cite sources you’ve found on ! Similar to advanced searching, can be a time saver during the research process! Citing in MLA format, as well as creating an APA title page is free.

The Journey Of The Virgin Suicides - 1978 Words

The Virgin Suicides takes place in 1974 in Grosse Point, Michigan. Here lives your typical family of seven consisting of two parents and five beautiful daughters. There is 17-year-old Therese, 16-year-old Mary, 15-year-old Bonnie, 14-year-old Lux, and the youngest at 13, Cecilia Lisbon. The film begins with the first attempt at suicide by the youngest, Cecilia. She was taken to see a professional one time after her attempt. It was deemed important to help socialize. The girls threw a party in the basement not knowing that when Cecilia excused herself from the party that she would throw herself from the window, landing on the fence. Although already over-protective, this stems extreme lookout over the girls and every move they make by their parents. When summer ended, the girls went back to school. Lux, the main character for the rest of film, has some problems of her own that are not acknowledged by her parents. After Lux came home a day late from the homecoming dance, all four of th e remaining girls are put into isolation from the rest of the world. This causes the girls to communicate via Morse code to the neighbor boys who were always curious about them. It was clear that Cecilia suffered from depression due to her attempts of suicide, but it was not obvious that the other girls may have had severe depression either until what seems like a suicide pact was planned so that the boys across the street would find them all dead, which they did. Their parents promptly movedShow MoreRelatedDante s Inferno, By Dante899 Words   |  4 Pagesof Hell he portraits in the story. Dante’s Inferno is an epic poem about a recounting of Dante and his incredible journey through Hell and its many levels while he is being guided by Virgil. 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The Do This, Get That Guide On Good Topics for Presentation

The Do This, Get That Guide On Good Topics for Presentation Based on the circumstance, you may rather not speak about topics related to get the job done. Topics of the research can fluctuate greatly. If you are feeling strongly on a specific subject, do your research and talk about doing it. As there are a lot of distinct subjects, it may be somewhat hard for you to discover suitable topics for presentation assignments. You can select any of the suggested topics to produce an intriguing college presentation. Social media itself, nevertheless, is a wide topic so attempt narrowing it down to create the presentation interesting. Ethics in business is only a fad. You are interested in being regarded as someone with a certain expertise in the subject of the presentation, but you have to do it quickly. Thus, be sure you have lots of spots throughout your presentation where you are able to pause and ask a question. Our experts offer help with a myriad of essays. Very good salesmen know they need to ask questions of their prospective customer. When it has to do with creating a fantastic PowerPoint presentation, selecting an intriguing topic can define your success. You've been requested to provide a presentation. If you're still uncertain about your presentation, keep reading to obtain a variety of engaging presentation topics. Now you get your presentation in check. What the In-Crowd Won't Te ll You About Good Topics for Presentation Be confident at all times in order for your presentation can make an impact. Guarantee the podcast truly increases the texture and feel of the presentation. Make your presentation somewhat humorous. A great presentation should trigger the audience to consider over and analyze your ideas. Good Topics for Presentation Can Be Fun for Everyone The Marketing Companion podcast is one of the top small business podcasts on the planet. 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The Carl Roger Concept Free Essays

PP 8203 Practicum III Fall 2007 INSTRUCTOR: |Marjorie Witty | PHONE: |(312) 777-7702 | EMAIL: |mwitty@argosy. edu | FAX: | | ALT PHONE: |(773) 327-1046 | REQUIRED TEXTS: |Title |Client-centered therapy:   Its current practice, implications and theory | |Author(s) |Rogers, Carl R. |Copyright |1951/ 2003 | |Publisher |Houghton Mifflin/ Constable Robinson, Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on The Carl Roger Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |ISBN |1841198404   | |Edition |   | Title |Embracing nondirectivity | |Author(s) |Levitt, B. (Ed. ) | |Copyright |2005 | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN | 898059683 | |Edition |2005 | This Course Requires the Purchase of a Course Packet: YES NO RECOMMENDED READINGS |Title |Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm | |Author(s) |Bozarth, J. D. | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. uk | |ISBN |1898059225 | |Edition |1998 | Title |The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. | |Author(s) |Sanders, P. (Ed. ), | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN |1898059608 | |Edition | | Argosy University Illinois School of Professional Psychology Doctoral Practicum III PP 8203 Fall 2007 Syllabus Instructor: Marjorie Witty, Ph. D. Phone: (312) 777-7702 E-mail: mwitty@argosy. edu Office: 1325 Office hours: Tuesday 1:00 – 3:00; Thursday 10:00 – 12:00 Class meetings: Mondays, 3:30 – 4:45 Required readings Levitt, B. E. (2005). Embracing Nondirectivity. Ross on Rye, UK: PCCS Books. ISBN: 1 898059 68 3. Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) (EN) Rogers, Carl R. (1951) Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Newer edition: Constable Robinson, Ltd. (2003). ISBN 1841198404. (On reserve) Wampold, B. E. (2001) The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Articles as assigned will be forwarded to you through e-mail. This course does not require the purchase of a course packet. (O) in the syllabus denotes available online or through e-mail, EN refers to Levitt text. CRR refers to Kirschenbaum Henderson’s The Carl Rogers Reader available in Library. Recommended Books (see attached bibliography at end of syllabus. Learning Objectives 1. Achievement of competence in empathic following response process, as assessed by performance in taped therapy sessions. 2. Expanding self-awareness of personal reactions and feelings during the therapy sessions measured by class discussion and students’ self-reports in the comments submitted with each of their therapy tapes. 3. Mastery of basic theory of client-centered therapy (or other orientation) through completion of all assigned readings; assessed by students’ transcript commentaries, participation in discussion. 4. Increased ability to evaluate one’s own work as a novice therapist, assessed by final self-evaluation and submission of CEC in Spring 2008. Required Assignments: Each term you will be required to present your taped session with a client from your site. Bring an audible tape. Inaudible or hard-to-hear tapes are not acceptable. Check your tape before presenting! Provide a transcript of 20 minutes of the session (any 20 minute segment is fine, but cue up your tape to coincide with the transcript before class. Bring a case conceptualization of 2 – 3 pages. Format will be covered in class. Be sure to obtain a good tape recorder from the library or bring your own on the day you are assigned to present. Schedule of presentations will be determined on the first day of class. Grading and evaluation policy Therapy practicum seminars are graded â€Å"credit/no credit. † In order to successfully complete your practicum, you must receive credit from your site supervisor, from your seminar instructor and pass your Clinical Evaluation Competency (CEC) in Spring 08. The main method of evaluation will be the comments you and I make about your tape assignments and my assessment of success in implementing the necessary and sufficient attitudinal conditions set forth by Carl Rogers. If you are having problems with the assignments, please see me to discuss the difficulty. Attendance at all classes is required. Course Outline, Readings, and Assignments September 10 Introduction to Seminar. Assignments for tape presentations. Required readings for September 10th to be read before the first class: Rogers, C. R. (1951) The attitude and orientation of the counselor. Chapter 2 of Client-centered therapy. (On reserve) Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. (CRR, pp. 219-235). September 17 Tape Presentation 1: Defining practice; goals of therapy. Evaluating progress. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. Client-centered therapy: An expressive therapy. (O) Brodley, B. T. Empathic understanding: Observations of a CC practice (O) Brodley, B. T. Instructions for the clinical interview. (O) (http://adpca. org/articles. html) September 24 Discussion: Ethics Confidentiality and its limits; taping/transcribing and disposition of records. Therapeutic boundaries. Required reading: Brodley, B. T. Ethics in psychotherapy. (handout) October 1 Tape Presentation 2: October 8 Discussion: Empathy, unconditional positive regard Required readings: Witty, M. , Raskin, N. J. , Rogers, C. R.. (in press). Client-Centered Therapy. In Corsini Wedding (Eds. ), Current Psychotherapies. Excerpt of session by Brodley w/ commentary by Witty (O) October 15 Tape Presentation 3: October 22 Discussion: Congruence: A frequently misunderstood condition Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (1998/2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. The Person-Centered Journal, 5(2), 83-116. (In the library) October 29 Tape Presentation 4 November 5 Multiculturalism Diversity Issues Required readings: Glauser Bozarth, J. D. (2001). Person-centered counseling: The culture within. Journal of Counseling Development, 07489633, Spring2001, Vol. 79, Issue 2 Database: Academic Search Elite Mier, S. Witty, M. Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In Carl Rogers Counsels a Black Client. (O) (on reserve) Knopf, N. Working with gay couples. Witty, M. (2005). Nondirectiveness and the problem of influence. (EN) November 12 Tape Presentation 5 November 19 Chronic Mental Illness and the significantly impaired Required readings: Sommerbeck, L. (2005). Nondirective therapy with clients diagnosed with a mental illness. (EN) Wilders, S. (2005) An exploration of nondirective work with drug and alcohol users. (EN) Recommended: Prouty, G. 1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/experiential therapy: Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychoses. Westport, CN: Praeger. (On reserve) Prouty, G. , Van Werde, D. Portner, M. (2002). Pre-therapy: Reaching contact-impaired clients. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Shlien, J. M. (1961/2003). A client-centered approach to schizophrenia: First approximation. In A. Burton (Ed. ), The Psychotherapy of the Psychoses (pp. 285- 317). New York: Basic Books. Also in To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (On reserve) November 26 Tape Presentation 6 December 3 How clients make therapy work. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (in press). Non-directivity in client-centered therapy. (O) Bohart, A. C. Chapters from How Clients Make Therapy Work. Recommended: Bohart, A. C. Tallman, K. (1999) How clients make therapy work. Washington, D. C. : APA. December 10 CCT case conceptualization and prep for CEC. Required reading: Rogers, C. R. (1961) Ellen West—and Loneliness. (in CRR, pp. 157-168) Shlien, John M. (1987/2003) A Countertheory of Transference. Person-Centered Review, 2 (1), 15-49. Reprinted in Shlien, J. M. (2003). To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (O)(also on reserve) Program Outcomes: The Doctoral program in Clinical Psychology at Argosy University, Chicago Campus is an APA accredited program (APA, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, 202-336-5500). This program is designed to educate and train students so that they may eventually be able to function effectively as clinical psychologists. To ensure that students are prepared adequately, the curriculum provides for the meaningful integration of heory, training and practice. The Clinical Psychology program at Argosy University Chicago Campus emphasizes the development of attitudes, knowledge, and skills essential in the formation of professional psychologists who are committed to the ethical provision of quality services. Specific objectives of the program include the following: †¢ Goal 1: Prepare profe ssional psychologists to accurately, effectively, and ethically select, administer, score, interpret, and communicate findings of appropriate assessment methods informed by accepted psychometric standards and sensitive to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. OBJECTIVE 1A: ACCURATELY AND ETHICALLY ADMINISTER AND SCORE VARIOUS PSYCHODIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS. o Objective 1b: Accurately interpret and synthesize assessment data in the context of diversity factors, referral questions, and specific objectives of the assessment, and organize and communicate results in writing and orally. o Objective 1c: Examine psychometric properties of psychological assessment instruments, and use that knowledge to evaluate, select, administer, and interpret psychological tests and measures appropriate for the client, the referral question, and the objectives of the assessment. Goal 2: Prepare professional psychologists to select, implement, and evaluate psychological interventions consistent w ith current ethical, evidence-based, and professional standards, within a theoretical framework, and with sensitivity to the interpersonal processes of the therapeutic relationship and the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2a: Synthesize the foundations of clinical psychology, including psychopathology, human development, diagnosis, diversity, ethics, and various therapeutic models in clinical applications. Objective 2b: Select, plan, and implement ethical and evidence-based interventions with sensitivity to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2c: Demonstrate knowledge, skills, and attitudes to effectively implement and participate in psychological consultation and supervision. Objective 2d: Demonstrate personal development and self-reflective capacity, including growth of interpersonal skills, and therapeutic relationships. †¢ Goal 3: Prepare professional psychologists to analyze the complexity and multidimensionality of human diversity, and emonstrate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to understand diverse worldviews and the potential meaning of social, cultural, and individual differences for professional psychological services. †¢ Goal 4: Prepare professional psychologists to examine the historical context and the current body of knowledge of biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, and social bases of human functioning. †¢ Goal 5: Prepare professional psychologists to critically evaluate the current and evolving body of scholarly literature in psychology to inform professional practice. Disability Statement It is the policy of the Argosy University/Chicago to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with disabilities, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If a student with disabilities needs accommodations to complete the instructor’s course requirements, the student must notify the Director of Student Services. Procedure for documenting student disability and the development of reasonable accommodation will be provided to students upon request. Students will be notified by the Director of Student Services when each request for accommodation is approved or denied in writing via a designated form. It is the student’s responsibility to present the form (at his or her discretion) to the instructor in order to receive the requested accommodations in class. In an effort to protect student privacy, Student Services will not discuss the accommodation needs of any student with instructors. Instructor’s Note: If you choose not to disclose that you have a disability which affects your academic or clinical performance, then you are taking full responsibility for any related consequences which may occur. I cannot accommodate what I don’t know about. You need not disclose the diagnosis or the nature of the disability itself, you need only bring me your accommodation letter. Disclosing a disability after an assignment is due is too late to be helpful for that assignment although accommodations can be made from that point forward. Academic dishonesty/plagiarism statement The University seeks to foster a spirit of honesty and integrity. Any work submitted by a student must represent original work produced by that student. Any source used by a student must be documented through normal scholarly references and citations, and the extent to which any sources have been used must be apparent to the reader. The University further considers resubmission of a work produced for one course in a subsequent course or the submission of work done partially or entirely by another to be academic dishonesty. It is the student’s responsibility to seek clarification from the course instructor about how much help may be received in completing an assignment or exam or project and what sources may be used. Students found guilty of academic dishonesty or plagiarism shall be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal from the University. Technology Statement The University encourages the use of technology throughout the curriculum. This course uses methods such as email communication, videotapes and online syllabus and assignments. Save this syllabus Retain a copy of the syllabus as documentation of coursework that might be needed for licensure. This page is to be turned in to your instructor. It will be held by your instructor until after the grade appeal time allotment. PP8203 Practicum Seminar III Fall 2007 I, ____________________________________, have read this syllabus and understand the course requirements. Date: _____________________________________ Note: many of these readings can be found online or will be on reserve in the library. You are only required to obtain the books listed at the top of the syllabus. Recommended Readings: Asay T. P. , Lambert M. J. (1999). The empirical case for the common factors in therapy: Quantitative findings. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller (Eds. ), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 3-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bohart, A. C. (2004). How do clients make empathy work? Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 102-116. Bozarth, J. D. (1998). Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Brodley, B. T. (1999b). A client-centered demonstration in Hungary. In I. Fairhurst, Women Writing in th e Person-Centered Approach, (pp. 85-92). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Brodley, B. T. (1997). The nondirective attitude in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 4(1), 18-30. Brodley, B. T. 1999a). Reasons for responses expressing the therapist’s frame of reference in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 6(1), 4–27. Brodley, B. T. (2000). Client-centered: An expressive therapy. In J. Marques-Teixeira S. Antunes (Eds. ), Client centered and experiential psychotherapy (pp. 133-147). Linda a Velha, Portugal: Vale Vale. Brodley, B. T. (2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. In G. Wyatt (Ed. ) Rogers’ Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice, Volume I Congruence. (pp. 55-78) Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Eells, T. D. 2007) Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. New York: Guilford. Elliott, R. (2002). The effectiveness of humanistic therapies: A meta-analysis. In D. J. Cain J. Seeman (Eds. ). Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice (pp. 57-81). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. Kirschenbaum, H. , Henderson, V. L. (Eds. ) (1989). The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kirschenbaum, H. , Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42 (1), pp. 37-51. Lambert, M. J. Ed. ). (2004). Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th Ed. ). New York: Wiley. Lietaer, G. , Rombauts, J. , Van Balen, R. (1990). Client centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. Luborsky, L. , Singer, B. Luborsky, L. (1975). Comparative studies of psychotherapies: Is it true that â€Å"everyone has won and all must have prizes†? Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 995-1008. Mearns, D. (2003). Problem-centered is not person-centered. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 88-101. Mier, S. Witty, M. (2004). Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In R. Moodley, C. Lago, A. Talahite (Eds. ), Carl Rogers counsels a Black client (pp. 85-104). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Miller, R. B. (2004). Facing human suffering: Psychology and psychotherapy as moral engagement. Washington, D. C. : APA. Moon, K. (2002). Nondirective client-centered work with children. In J. C. Watson, R. N. Goldman M. S. Warner (Eds. ), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances in theory, research and practice (pp. 485-492), Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Moon, K. (in press). A client-centered review of Rogers with Gloria. Journal of Counseling Development. Muran, C. (2007). Dialogues on difference: Studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship. Washington, D. C. : APA. Patterson, J. , Albala, A. A. , McCahill, M. E. , Edwards, T. M. (2006). The therapist’s guide to psychopharmacology: Working with patients, families, and physicians to optimize care. New York: Guilford. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103. Rogers, C. R. (1959a). The essence of psychotherapy: A client-centered view. Annals of Psychotherapy, 1, 51–57. Rogers, C. R. (1959b). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed. ), Psychology: A study of science, Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184 –256). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ryan, R. M. Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68 – 78. Sanders, P. (Ed. ), The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. ISBN: 1898059608 Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) Sanders, P. (Ed. ) (2003). To lead an honorable life: A collection of the work of John M. Shlien. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Schmid, P. F. (2003). The characteristics of a person-centered approach to therapy and counseling: Criteria for identity and coherence. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 2(2), 104-120. Sommerbeck, L. (2003). The client-centered therapist in psychiatric contexts: A therapist’s guide to the psychiatric landscape and its inhabitants. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Wampold, B. E. (2006). Not a scintilla of evidence to support empirically supported treatments as more effective than other treatments. In J. C. Norcross, L. E. Beutler R. F. Levant (Eds. ) Evidence-Based Practices in Mental Health: Debate and Dialogue on the Fundamental Questions (pp. 299-307). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. Watson, N. (1984). The empirical status of Rogers’s hypotheses of the necessary and sufficient conditions for effective psychotherapy. In R. F. Levant, J. M. Shlien (Eds), Client-centered therapy and the person-centered approach: New directions in theory, research, and practice (pp. 17-40). New York: Praeger. Westen, D. , Novotny, C. M. Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 631-663. Wilkens, P. Bozarth, J. (2001), Unconditional positive regard: Rogers’ therapeutic conditions: Evolution, theory and practice. Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS books. On reserve) Witty, M. C. (2004). The difference directiveness makes: The ethics and consequences of guidance in psychotherapy. The Person-Centered Journal, 11, 22-32. Zimring, F. M. (2000). Empathic understanding grows the person†¦.. Person-Centered Journal, 7(2), 101-113. Zimring, F. M. (1995). A new explanation for the beneficial results of client centered therapy: The possibility of a new paradigm. Person-Cente red Journal, 2(2), 36-48. Zur, O. (2007). Boundaries in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical explorations. Washington, D. C. : APA. How to cite The Carl Roger Concept, Papers

Law Reform free essay sample

To do this the law must adapt to accommodate society’s changing needs and attitudes. This means that, over time, new laws must be introduced and old ones repealed or amended. The decriminalizing of homosexuality is one area in which law reform has been driven by changes in society’s values and the consequent advancement of society in recognizing equality and justice for its members, through recognition of non-traditional family structures. The effectiveness of law reform in achieving just outcomes for family members and society can be evaluated by examining issues such as the treatment of same-sex couples in adoption, recognition of same-sex marriage and same-sex couples having equal rights under the law, for example under inheritance laws, health and other insurances, superannuation entitlements and other aspects of social contract. In the case of Re J amp; M 2004, Ms. F and Ms. B were in a same-sex relationship. Ms. F gave birth to twins after IVF treatment. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The couple separated and the Federal Magistrates Court granted them joint responsibility ‘in the best interests of the children’. This case demonstrates laws that look at â€Å"what is in the best interest of the child† rather then whether couples adopting are in a traditional relationship, two women are equally effective at achieving just outcomes for family members as a man and a woman. Therefore the two women were granted joint responsibility of the two children, even though they were a same-sex couple, as it was seen as beneficial to the children’s wellbeing. Another example, this one demonstrating equality of financial responsibility is the case of W v G 1994. W and G were in a female same sex relationship. W gave birth to two children and both W and G had joint parental responsibilities. When G left the relationship she claimed to have no financial responsibility and did not want to contribute to the support of the couple’s children. The NSW Supreme Court ordered G to pay $150, 000 to support these children. Laws introduced in Australia that ensure same-sex couples have equal financial responsibility for the families they create appear effective in this case as W and G’s same-sex relationship was recognized, thus G had to pay financial support to W, just as a heterosexual with financial capacity would have to provide child support. This creates a just outcome for the family members. Another example of law reform being effective was illustrated in a Sydney Morning Herald article, Body language said it all first same-sex couple to adopt in NSW are great dads (2010). Two men, O. V and O. W, were described as the first gay couple in NSW to be allowed to adopt children. Judge Palmer declared the men, â€Å"Unquestionably capable of parenting these two children. † This case highlights the effectiveness of law reform as it has resulted in two men being assessed only for their ability to be good parents, provide for an adopted child and create a proper home. The fact that they were a homosexual couple was not an issue. The result was just- they were treated in the same way as other couples that want to adopt would be. This also provided a just outcome for the two children and the same-sex couple as they are now legally recognized as their parents. The ABC News article Same-sex adoption bill passes NSW Parliament (2010) highlights that the law reform for same-sex adoption will be beneficial for children waiting to be adopted. The new Bill will provide children with the same stability, legal status and recognition as other children. From society’s viewpoint this change has provided not only equality for same-sex couples but has also provided more families into which children, especially those with special needs, can be placed as these children have previously not been able to find homes within traditional heterosexual couples therefore creating a just outcome for this very disadvantaged group. However, those in favor of the traditional family (a man and a woman) see this law reform as ineffective, this is evident in the ABC News article Anglicare flags withdrawal over gay adoption bill (2010). Traditional Christian religious groups see this type of law reform as a means of breaking down the fundamental values of traditional family structures and as a consequence breaking down the fabric of our society. Lack of consensus on law reform can create schisms within society that is ultimately very challenging for a cohesive approach to reform. A prominent issue is the right to marry for same-sex couples. The Marriage Act 1961 (Cwlth) and the Family Law Act 1975 (Cwlth) prohibits same-sex marriage in Australia. This legislation is ineffective at providing homosexuals the capacity of forming their own families and therefore can’t deliver just outcomes. Same-sex couples do not have the same rights as heterosexual couples. In 2004 the Howard government passed the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 (Cwlth) to specifically define marriage as â€Å"a union between a man and a women†. Family policy, such as the right to marry, if denied to same-sex couples can be seen as denying basic individuals a right within a democracy that essentially promotes equality. This can be argued to be a fundamental breach of human rights. As Justice Kirby argues in The Australian the issue of same-sex marriage is not only about property rights, it is about whether a â€Å"secular civilian status of marriage under law should be denied to other citizens whose sexual orientation is alternate† (11/9/06). This demonstrates the need for law reform to achieve just outcomes for family members and society as it is currently not recognizing same-sex marriage creating inequality under the law. In the case Corbett v. Corbett (1970) the Family Court ruled that a person remained the sex indicated on their birth certificate, irrespective of any sex change surgery. This meant that the couple could not remarry, as it wouldn’t be considered a valid marriage. The ruling on this case was ineffective for the couple because one partner’s new gender would not be legally recognized. However, 30 years later, in the case re Kevin (2001) the Court took a different position and ruled that a person who has decided to change their sexual identity can still get married and live life as the gender of their choice. In this particular case law reform was effective in providing a just outcome for the couple and any future couples who are in the same situation. Same-sex couples may undergo a ‘commitment ceremony’ so that their union is publicly acknowledged, but this is not the same as a marriage ceremony. Lucinda Schmidt, writer of the Sydney Morning Herald article Portia DeGeneres and the fight for same-sex marriage (2010), points out that the majority of Australians support same-sex marriage. Yet both major political parties are firmly against it. Same-sex couples have financial equality but the law is yet to recognize same-sex relationships under the Marriage Act. The ABC News article Opposition blocks same sex marriage push (2011) confirms that law reform on the matter of same-sex marriage is an â€Å"uphill battle† and that the current government is continually opposed to any changes in legislation. The Greens have tried to negotiate a back door approach to achieving rights for same-sex marriage with the Federal Government by negotiating with the Labor Party for the Federal Government to water down its right of veto over legislation passed in the Territories. This would mean that the ACT Government, without fear of the Federal Government vetoing that legislation, could pass the legislation proposed to permit same-sex marriages. The terms of this negotiation is set out in The Australian article Greens’ gay marriage victory (2011). However, the political ramifications of this approach meant that by the next day the Government had retreated from this change indicating that law reform is not a sufficient means by itself of achieving just outcomes for family members and society. A shift in policy on the issue of same-sex marriage will require much discussion within society as well as negotiation between third parties particularly church groups. Sometimes law reform is achieved in progressive decisions of the courts. An example of this law reform is in the case of Hope and Brown v NIB Health Fund Ltd (1995) where the NSW Supreme Court held that a same-sex couple and their son was entitled to the lower family insurance rate denied by the insurance company. This was effective in achieving just outcomes for family members and society as it allowed a same-sex family the same lower insurance rate as heterosexual couples; it enforced anti-discrimination laws in a broad and equal manner. Through the Supreme Court’s ruling it was established that bona fide same-sex couples are eligible for the equivalent family rate. Law reform was also found effective in 1999 when the Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act replaced the De Facto Relationships Act 1984 (NSW) in order to address the inequalities suffered by de facto partners of a same-sex relationship. Now both heterosexual and homosexual de facto relationships are recognized under the law. This allows same-sex de facto couples the same financial treatment as heterosexual de facto couples. For example, they can now receive spouse support. However, same-sex couples are discriminated against under superannuation law: Same-sex couples cannot salary sacrifice for their partner and their intentions to leave their superannuation benefits to their partner may be challenged. Another example of where law has not been reformed to provide a just outcome for all family members is in connection with wills and probates. A relative of a deceased, who was a partner in a same-sex relationship, can successfully seek to overturn their relative’s will to obtain some support thereby annulling the clear intention of the deceased to provide for this same-sex partner. For the same-sex partner not to be able to make some provision for their partner on death can lead to extreme financial hardship. The Sydney Morning Herald article Same sex superannuation changes coming (2010) confirms that despite various statutes banning discrimination, justice in this area of family law can still be patchy, there is a need for law reform to provide better outcomes for family members and society. In conclusion, the recognition of same-sex relationships through law reform can be evaluated by examining individual issues such as the treatment of same-sex couples in adoption, recognition of same-sex marriage and same-sex couples having equal rights under the law. The discussion above shows that law reform has taken place through both judicial extension of rights through the common law and also through very specific legislative changes that have been introduced by Parliament. This combination of methods has produced increasing fairness and equality in the treatment of same-sex couples in insurance, superannuation, adoption, child support and foster care. It has not, however, succeeded in creating true equality and recognition for same-sex couples in every aspect of Australian life. This is evident through the present discussion in the community as to whether same sex marriage should be introduced. Judicial determination is not enough to change this aspect of our society and it needs specific legislative reform to bring about just outcomes for all family members and society. Unfortunately, as seen above, changes to fundamental aspects of our society, like marriage, is a fluid process and cannot take place without discussion and negotiation between different interest groups within our society. Reform is therefore just one, though crucial, tool in society’s armory to bring about just outcomes for family members and society.

Battle of Hastings and Williams Conquest

Battle of Hastings and Williams Conquest The Battle of Hastings was part of the invasions of England that followed the death of King Edward the Confessor in 1066.  William of Normandys victory at Hastings occurred on October 14, 1066. Armies and Commanders Normans William of NormandyOdo of Bayeux7,000-8,000 men Anglo-Saxons Harold Godwinson7,000-8,000 men Background: With the death of King Edward the Confessor in early 1066, the throne of England fell into dispute with multiple individuals stepping forward as claimants. Shortly after Edwards death, the English nobles presented the crown to Harold Godwinson, a powerful local lord. Accepting, he was crowned as King Harold II. His ascension to the throne was immediately challenged by William of Normandy and Harold Hardrada of Norway who felt they had superior claims. Both began assembling armies and fleets with the goal of supplanting Harold. Gathering his men at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, William initially hoped to cross the Channel in mid-August. Due to foul weather, his departure was delayed and Hardrada arrived in England first. Landing in the north, he won an initial victory at Gate Fulford on September 20, 1066, but was defeated and killed by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. While Harold and his army were recovering from the battle, William landed at Pevensey on September 28. Establishing a base near Hastings, his men constructed a wooden palisade and commenced raiding the countryside. To counter this, Harold raced south with his battered army, arriving on October 13. The Armies Form William and Harold were familiar with each other as they had fought together in France and some sources, such as the Bayeux Tapestry, suggest that the English lord had sworn an oath to support the Norman dukes claim to Edwards throne while in his service. Deploying his army, which was largely composed of infantry, Harold assumed a position along Senlac Hill astride the Hastings-London road. In this location, his flanks were protected by woods and streams with some marshy ground to their front right. With the army in line along the top of the ridge, the Saxons formed a shield wall and waited for the Normans to arrive. Moving north from Hastings, Williams army appeared on the battlefield on the morning of Saturday October 14. Arraying his army into three battles, composed of infantry, archers, and crossbowmen, William moved to attack the English. The center battle consisted of Normans under Williams direct control while the troops to his left were largely Bretons led by Alan Rufus.  The right battle was made up of French soldiers and was commanded by William FitzOsbern and Count Eustace of Boulogne. Williams initial plan called for his archers to weaken Harolds forces with arrows, then for infantry and cavalry assaults to break through the enemy line (Map). William Triumphant This plan began to fail from the outset as the archers were unable to inflict damage due to the Saxons high position on the ridge and the protection offered by the shield wall. They were further hampered by a shortage of arrows as the English lacked archers.  As a result, there were no arrows to gather and reuse. Ordering his infantry forward, William soon saw it pelted with spears and other projectiles which inflicted heavy casualties. Faltering, the infantry withdrew and the Norman cavalry moved in to attack. This too was beaten back with the horses having difficulty climbing the steep ridge. As his attack was failing, Williams left battle, composed primarily of Bretons, broke and fled back down the ridge. It was pursued by many of the English, who had left the safety of the shield wall to continue the killing. Seeing an advantage, William rallied his cavalry and cut down the counterattacking English. Though the English rallied on a small hillock, they were ultimately overwhelmed. As the day progressed, William continued his attacks, possibly feigning several retreats, as his men slowly wore down the English. Late in the day, some sources indicate that William altered his tactics and ordered his archers to shoot at a higher angle so that their arrows fell on those behind the shield wall. This proved lethal for Harolds forces and his men began to fall. Legend states that he was hit in the eye with an arrow and killed. With the English taking casualties, William ordered an assault which finally broke through the shield wall. If Harold was not struck by an arrow, he died during this attack. With their line broken and king dead, the many of the English fled with only Harolds personal bodyguard fighting on until the end. Battle of Hastings Aftermath In the Battle of Hastings it is believed that William lost approximately 2,000 men, while the English suffered around 4,000. Among the English dead was King Harold as well as his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine. Though the Normans were defeated in the Malfosse immediately after the Battle of Hastings, the English did not meet them again in a major battle. After pausing two weeks at Hastings to recover and wait for the English nobles to come and submit to him, William began marching north towards London. After enduring a dysentery outbreak, he was reinforced and closed on the capital. As he approached London, the English nobles came and submitted to William, crowning him king on Christmas Day 1066. Williams invasion marks the last time that Britain was conquered by an outside force and earned him the nickname the Conqueror.

The Long and Short of Long- Words

The Long and Short of Long- Words The Long and Short of Long- Words The Long and Short of Long- Words By Mark Nichol Longevity, longitude, and other words with the root long- (or altered spellings of the root) are derived not from long, which stems from the Old English adjective lang, but from the Latin equivalent longus, which shares its Proto-Indo-European ancestry with the Germanic cognate. This post lists and defines words that stem from the Latin term. Longevity, from the Latin adjective longaevus, means â€Å"long life.† Longitude, meanwhile, in general means â€Å"length† or â€Å"height,† but it usually pertains to horizontal distance on the surface of Earth or any sphere (and to a line marking such a distance). The adjectival form is used in the measurement sense but also pertains to long-term research studies and to a vehicle engine that runs a lengthwise rather than crosswise crankshaft. Elongation and prolongation both refer to extension, but the former applies in a physical sense, while the latter sense is chronological. The verb forms differ, too: They are, respectively, elongate and prolong. Oblong, meanwhile, describes something that is longer than it is wide, though it can be used as a noun as well as an adjective. English borrowed longeurs, a word describing a tedious passage in a book or a play, from French. Two obscure words derived from longus are longanimity and longinquity. The former word means â€Å"forbearance† or â€Å"patience†; the element animity is from the Latin noun animus, meaning â€Å"mind† or â€Å"soul,† which is the source of animal. The latter is an archaic synonym for remoteness. Several words with disguised kinship are lounge, from the French verb s’allonger, meaning â€Å"lie at full length†; lunge, originally a fencing term meaning â€Å"sword thrust† (from the French noun allonge) with the extended meaning â€Å"sudden reach or rush†; and purloin, meaning â€Å"steal† (from the Anglo-French verb purloigner, meaning â€Å"remove†; the connection to longus is the idea of delaying something or moving it far away). Along, belong, and length are, like long, of Germanic origin, as are compound words such as longbow, longhaired, and longtime, as well as headlong, lifelong, and so on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientDisappointed + Preposition25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Written Critical Analysis of a Literary Text Essay

Written Critical Analysis of a Literary Text - Essay Example Nevertheless, linguists and anthropologists have often marginalized poetics through believing that the aesthetic way of using language is solely parasitic upon the core subjects of linguistics (Achebe, 2012). For instance, the core areas are semantics, syntax, phonology and anthropological fields like social and economy organization. This position emanates clearly in the work of a Nigerian author in his latest work of â€Å"There was a country,† as the article explains. There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra by Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian writer whose story telling talent and moral courage gifts have left enduring marks on the world’s literature. The release of There was a Country work explains his experience during the Civil War in Nigeria, aka the Biafra War of 1967 to 1970 (Serpell, 2012). The war was not famous because of its impacts on the lives of Biafra’s, who went for numerous days without food or water. The war was the greatest among the humanitarian disasters all over the world. Chinua Achebe and his loving family were caught up in the midst of atrocities. As a worldly known novelist, Achebe resided in a Biafra homestead worked as a ranging cultural ambassador and witnessed the full horror of the war. As soon as the war ended, Chinua acquired one of the academic posts in university based in the U.S (Anya, 2012). for a period of not less than forty years Chinua hardly uttered a word regarding those horrific war years. Nonetheless, he addressed the terrible years solely through his novels and poetry (Achebe, 2012). After spending several years composing â€Å"There Was a Country,† he finally presents a towering reckoning fateful experience covering both his experience and how he came to understand the experience. Chinua uses the context of literature and language, character, narrative and awareness of genre in this book. Marrying memoir and history, weaving the poetry of the author all through the ch apters, the book distills a vivid observation, considered reflection and research (Serpell, 2012). More so, the book relates the birth pangs in Nigeria, on the subject of Chinua’s development both as a man and significant Nigerian writer, as well as, evaluates the obligation of an artist during war. In the past, Achebe has written short stories and poems regarding Biafra such as Girls at War (1972). However, people hoped and waited for a chronicle about Achebe's view on the contested Nigerian history. At long last Chinua produced, a narration titled There was a Country, which is striking because it is not personal for providing details about the war; even though he subtitled it as A Personal History of Biafra. This book serves right the admirers of Achebe, as well as, those who are not yet familiar with his significant work (Serpell, 2012). Some of the parts are same as the passages of his previous essays and interspersed poems in the narrative. The keen followers of Achebeâ €™s work will develop interest while reading some new revelations regarding his life as he states in the first section. However, the book’s second section provides details about the war especially how he foregoes own memory. In writing regarding the crucial events, Chinua utilizes the information about what people told him instead of his own feelings. As a result, the narration leaves the audience with the most nagging dissatisfaction that reflects as if the writer left things unsaid (Achebe, 2012). More so, the book has several glimpses. For instance, on paying a vacation as one of the Biafra ambassadors to Canada, a host contributed a joke. A loud laughter accompanied the joke and abruptly it dawned to Chinua that Biafra was

Construction contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Construction contract law - Essay Example By this stage, the job had become quite extensive. It involved the demolition of the cold store and other buildings, and the construction of a workshop, a double inspection pit and a covered parking area. The overall job would require a great deal of demolition and drilling out of concrete and excavations, the construction of structural steel framing, cladding, extensive roofing and paving, the installation of equipment purchased by Clarke and the partial demolition, rebuilding and refurbishment of the office accommodation.Works progressed on a piecemeal basis with ACT submitting interim applications for payment during the course of the works. The works went on for a period of nearly two years, by which point ACT had been paid approximately  £1.3 million.At this point the parties have drifted apart. Later, ACT submitted to Clarke a "reconciliation statement" for its work. This showed that the value of the work calculated by ACT was of the order of  £1.5 million. This led to a dis pute and ACT commenced proceedings for the recovery of a claimed balance of approximately  £200,000.Analysis of court’s responseThe court initially interpreted on certain preliminary questions on existence of a contract, and if so, what were its terms as to payment, the scope of the work and the contract period? Clarke argued that there was an agreement between the parties that ACT would construct the job, including the supply and installation of the necessary workshop equipment, for a cost, which was to be not more than  £815,000.

Understanding Development Theory And Practice In Third World Politics Essay

Understanding Development Theory And Practice In Third World Politics Essay This book is a good synthesis and critique on the theory of development after Second World War. It takes historical perspective on analyzing development theory and its practice and tries to find the context-specific result of those development theories and policies in the third world. In doing so, Rapley has tried to be unaffected by any ideological orthodoxy but his left-alignment is clearly visible. John Rapley, who is a political scientist involved in the Department of Government, University of West Indies (Mora), has successfully captured the essence of development theories being applied in the third world after World War II, in this book. The book is lucidly written, well organized, and easy to understand. It includes elaborate endnotes, good index, and thoroughly assembled and categorized bibliography in accordance with their dominant theoretical fervor. The analytical approach of the book has been to follow historical comparison of mainstream development theory and practice, with related criticisms on them. For doing this he has measured the dominant debate between left critics and mainstream theorists from the perspective of dominant paradigms. He has presented the ebb and flow of neo-classical theory, and has done counter-criticism on neo-Marxists and developmental state theories. Though his arguments are balanced and analytical, people with capitalist mentality may find his argument on reemergence of neo-classical ideology immature and left-centered, while those with leftist gloss will find his insights illuminating and worthy. Nevertheless, his analysis of this wide area of development history is worthy read to students, practitioners and scholars. The book is organized into nine chapters. The first chapter, The Progress of Development, is an introduction to the argument presented in the book. The chapter two summarizes the dominant theoretical trend of immediate post-war period namely rise of Keynesianism and emergence of third world, followed by modernist, dependency and state centered theories. Rapley meticulously presents the influence of Keynesian thought on post war period of state centered development. Birth of third world and development economics as a separate sub-discipline were influenced by recognition of third world as a separate entity which demands different development policy design as opposed to the IBRD policy measures adopted for reconstructing Europe and other countries of First and Second World. Then, the book describes development economists of structuralist school who designed import substitution industrialization for the third world. This school of thought believed that international trade favours indus trialized North at the expense of developing South. But, soon the problems of structuralist schools were to be found in development world. Chapter 3 reflects on the performance of state-led development. The performance of state-led development in third world showed dismal performance. Import substitution industries were proved bad performer, license system of government increased corruption and bad governance, semi-public institutions increased the debt burden of state, and many SOEs were going bankrupt. All this led to poor export performance, inefficiency, underemployment, and poor agricultural performance. Although the central planning of statist model proved successful to increase output it couldnt ensure quality and efficiency in its performance which led to overall unproductive utilization of available means thus causing systemic failure. All these policy failures and theoretical disenchantment of state-led development model led to the clear decline of state socialism by 1980s enforcing many countries of Latin America and Africa to follow the conditionalities of their creditors with whom they have had large debt overdue. But, exception to these problems were the East Asian economies, who were able to overcome these problems by appropriately combining the effort of state with the efficiency of market competition and thus were able to catch up with the pace of international market competition. In chapter 4 and 5, basically talks about the neoclassical response to the failure of state-oriented development model of earlier period and its recommendation for reform. The neoclassical proponents reviewed the failure of import substitution and state-supported industrial policies by saying that there would be losers along with gainersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this was not necessarily bad (p. 83) and earlier development model did wrong by helping out the losers who were the main cause of inefficiency. They now advocated for promoting winners by focusing on creating environment for export industries, smaller firms, and export crop farmers. Policies for creating such environment were recommended under the framework of Washington Consensus which included: fiscal austerity, privatization of state owned enterprises (SOEs), trade liberalization, currency devaluation, and abolition of marketing boards, financial and labour market deregulation, and export promotion. Defined under an umbrella term of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), these neo-classical prescriptions were openly supported and promoted by Bretton Woods Institutions which consequently were reflected in almost all of the third world countries where these institutions were working. Moreover, after some experience of reform initiatives and collapse of socialist economy led to the addition of accountability and transparency in governments operations as required variables for neoclassical development model thus both political and economic reform became elements of its reform agenda. The subsequent critique on the performance of neo-classical SAP framework is elaborately explained in chapter 5. Here, Rapley depicts the limitations of structural adjustment and emphasizes on how its application became successful by not due to its internal theoretical strength but due to seemingly no counter-force due to the fall of left because of long stagnation of socialism during early 1980s, historical exhaustion of dependency theory with no clear output, and loss of the Marxist self-confidence. Rapley writes: some evidence suggests that there is no reason to assume that less government leads to faster growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. if there is any relationship between the two, it may even be that in the aggregate, more government leads to more growth (p.119). His evaluation of the case of privatization, domestic market liberalization, retrenchment, financial and labour market deregulation demonstrates that there are flaws on the theoretical assumptions and practicalities of structural adjustment program. Its assumption of human beings as rational and self-interested actors is not supported. Many sociologist and anthropologists view human action as a part of collective action and some views like Jean Francois Bayart content that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ just as we cannot expect other peoples to behave the way we do, we cannot apply the same principles to judge their behavior. Similarly, differences between first and third world discredited the apparently same principle of development propounded by structural adjustment program; flaws were seen in new political economy ideology of neo-classical writers. Moreover, the neoclassical logic of accepting the material inequality has been criticized by leftists on moral grounds, even if assuming material inequality to be morally neutral leftist theorists would still condemn it for its economic drawbacks (p.116) to poorer ones. Rapley has given emphasis on the birth of possible challenge to neoclassical theory. He clearly seems to be on the side of the left but is cautious enough to predict that the new paradigm wont be too much influenced by classical left or postmodernist hangover. In chapter 6, he asks for the new paradigm of development to be able to work with market and capitalism, while simultaneously opting for greater role for the state than allowed by structural adjustment program. The neo-institutionalist idea that market does not emerge spontaneously and that different cultural background require the creation of different types of institutions led to the reemergence of the need of state involvement in creating and developing economic institutions. The highly interventionist states of East Asia had selectively protected some strategic industries through tariffs and quota at the same time helped them grow through export subsidies and subsidized credit. They promoted firms towards new forms of produ ction and compelled them to increase their competitiveness. These successful policy measures of East Asian countries have been influential theoretical strands for the reemergence of the developmental state paradigm. Ultimately, in chapter 7 Rapley has returned to the Sub Saharan Africa to show that there are many challenges to follow state-supported development as seen in its successful version of East Asian case. The reasons allotted in the book are internal limitations of Africa (especially the weakness of African state) and international obstacles brought forwarded by international balance of power. His reasons for the seemingly low applicability of Asian developmental model in Africa are more political rather than economic. Some causal factors leading to the crisis of state in Africa like: authoritarianism in the third world, state capacity, concentration of power, class politics, etc. proves for Rapley that Africa is against the tide. Furthermore, he also sees obstacle in international systems to follow the strict state-led growth as enjoyed by East Asian countries in 60s through 80s. Rapley argues, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is not only Africa that the emerging practice of development is running i n a direction contrary to that of the theory. The crisis of the state which sees fiscal constraints forcing public authorities to renounce many of their functions, is international in its scope (p.176). Meanwhile retrenchment of state during SAP implementation led to the development of many non-state actors like NGOs, private sector and other groups working as a state within state leading to the weakening of state functions. The chapter 8, entitled as The end of development or a new beginning? is focused on the idea of post-development thought. This thought challenges us to rethink the entire way we conceive development, and to consider the possibility of a paradigm shift (p.177). Presently the world is facing contested political order where there is resurgence of populist movements against globalization to restore control over space/country; while another strand which is closer to postmodern idea is shifting the focus from national to global level through some works like: UN MDGs or WTOs Doha Development Agenda negotiations. Rapley admits: A discipline that emerged in the early post-World War II periodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ development studies always took for granted the existence of national economies and nation states. Much has changed since. Accordingly, those who take an interest in development are being challenged to conceive new strategies of development. Post-development challenged us to rethink development altogether. (p.200). The recent trend of giving focus on people after the publication of Development As Freedom written by Prof. Amartya Sen has shifted attention of Bretton Woods institutions and other scholars to the fact that development that doesnt improve the lives of the poor people will only provoke resistance and crisis (p.200). Rapley wraps-up the eighth chapter by arguing that the intellectual resistance from post-development ideas and political campaigns of anti-globalization forces has put the agenda of development in the centre stage which is awaiting for good implementation. Finally, in chapter 9 Rapley concludes main arguments presented in the book and also poses some relevant questions demanding serious consideration for leading the future of development. Some of his questions are thought provoking: can development models be universalized? What roles will environmental issues play in development theory? Is there a population time bomb, and how will it affect the third world? What will the new balance between state and society be? At last he has wrapped up his argument by discussing on all these questions in brief. Reviewing the whole book one can easily find that this book is highly comprehensive piece on development theory and practice spending fairly little space or pages. It is praiseworthy to say that this updated volume includes issues of latest debate of 21st century development studies. But, still it has some loopholes. While criticizing on the neoliberal ideas, he has overlooked at its overall performance in countries like India, China, and other high performer countries of 1990s and early 2000s. Similarly, his analysis of third world with high emphasis on African and Latin American countries has ignored poor blocks of South Asian countries and thus has left a large area of development experiment of these years untouched. The number of poor population in South Asian region doesnt justify writers neglect of the region as appropriate. Unlike previous editions of this book, the reviewed third edition has added more to the analysis of future of development. Its analysis of the latest thought of development, viz. post-development, is convincing enough to indicate on the future of development by working together with the questions raised in the concluding chapter. Reading this, readers can guess thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Notwithstanding these criticisms, Rapleys work is able to present a comprehensive and succinct treatise on the history of development thoughts and practice in third world. His way of presenting the mainstream argument along with the main criticism propounded by left and others on each of these development theories is interesting and useful. This book is can be recommended as a must read for upper level undergraduate students, useful guide for graduate level students, and a common discourse with new insights for the scholars. Readers will not regret about their time and money spent for the book after completing the last sentence.

Is Second Life Ready for Business? Essay

1. How can Second Life provide value to businesses that use it? Second Life can be a birthing ground for new industries and transform business, commerce, marketingand learning the same way that the Web did in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It alsocan facilitate internal communications and to position themselves at the forefront of the digital landscapein order to recruit tech-savvy employees. Second Life is a low-cost business tool and also a new marketingtool.Companies can use Second Life as a business tool for online conferencing, online collaboration, knowledge management and prototyping. Also companies can test new products using Second Life’s 3 -Drendering programs, experiment with new marketing and advertising campaigns to see how people react,receive feedback on real-world products or services. 2. What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from apresence on Second Life? Why? Retail businesses that are already used to doing business online may have an easier time of establishing aviable presence on Second Life. They are used to advertising and marketing to customers online and havethe systems built for taking orders, accepting payments, and shipping products. Other companies, likeIBM, that have established online collaboration systems and online knowledge management systems willprobably have an easier time using Second Life as another outlet for these activities. 3. Considering what you have learned about Second Life, howcould you, as an individual, create a modest start-up businesson the Grid? What goods would you sell? Why would this be agood choice of product? What, in simple terms, would yourbusiness plan be? Why would it work? There are several ways to start up business in an online virtual server. Second Life as of now harbored fewto many online companies that does business online as a form of advertising or even setting up their virtual business inside the server by buying up â€Å"lands† in the so called â€Å"Grid† world. Of course, to do that,you have to buy the virtual â€Å"land† to start up the virtual business by subscribing to the premium [pic]  membership on the website. By subscribing, several beneï ¬ ts can be enjoy including owning a house and rights to own a land. The current subscription cost according to the game website – secondlife.com – isUSD$72 for an annual  subscription, USD$22.50 for a quarter subscription or USD$9.95 for monthlysubscription. Personally and hypothetically, the initial cost for me to setup an online business on the â€Å"lands of the Grid† would be a monthly subscription of USD$9.95 as uncertainty in conveying the business over a decade plus old virtual server especially these past two years have been radically risky withmushrooms of similar online servers like gaiaonline.com and social networking sites like facebook that hasbeen rampaging in this fast-paced information system industry. Also, there are questions about itscurrent popularity against the other fast information changing platforms and how it cope with the current market segment. A typical online business would be an online auction/selling business. Speciï ¬ cally, i would set up a small business that deals with money changing/transfers between users and other onlinegames that offers on line services to its users. For example; an online game offers â€Å"cash –  shop† items that  is only available when you bought it online usually using credit/debit cards, often through sites like pay-pal. What i am offering here in my business is variety of online payments especially in terms of ForeignCurrency exchanges through local banks and also a much more user-friendly interaction between me andthe customers due to the live chatting system and in-game atmosphere in Second Life. A simpleexplanation why this might be a good choice is that, Second Life offers a casual sims like platform thatdoes not stress up their users like those of a massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG) that needs hours and hours of â€Å"training† to achieve a better standi ngs in the game. Another good point isthat online gamers that plays particular games tend to hang out in the same channel or platform towhich, the simple Second Life w hich has quite low speciï ¬ cations  offers a range of 3D avatars to theplayers. This is especially true when the online game that they are playing having their routine servermaintenance which usually comes up once per week. During these one to several hours of maintenance,they could log on to Second Life and have chat with their online gaming friends from another game. Thus,simultaneously advertising my business over to them during these times. In summary, an online  basedbusiness would be a good addition to set up in Second Life. Though prone to risk and currently, the powerof substitutes are increasing like facebook and other networking sites, the opportunity to set up a smallbusiness within Second Life is still feasible due to the nature of online gaming and rapid increase ingaming communities.Considering what I have learned about Second Life, I, as an individual, will first start up my business byfiguring what products are mostly used in Second Life. The product that will sell in Second life will befurniture. This will be a good choice because customers or people in second life will need furniture fortheir new homes and offices. My business plan will be to invest in other products and services and wait tillmy investment grows before cashing out. [pic][pic] 4. Visit eBay on the Web and see what Second Life items youcan find listed for auction. How would you rate the activitysurrounding these items? Are you surprised by what you see?Why or why not? Obviously the information for this question will fluctuate. As of this writing, eBay offered 211 items. Theyincluded how-to manuals for making money on Second Life, a guide to selling land, and businessopportunities on the site. One item in particular was a vending machine business package available for$4.99. The individual offering the item was an eBay Power Seller with 6,483 feedback postings. He wasobviously an established eBay seller. Other items for sale include a Gym Workout package for $4.99 and amacro that makes navigating the skies of Second Life easier. It sold for $12.99. Answers to the last threequestions will vary by student. The point is to have them realize how advanced and pervasive sites likeSecond Life have become. 5. What obstacles does Second Life have toovercome  in order to become a mainstreambusiness tool? Does it face fewer or more obstaclesto become a mainstream educational tool? To what do you attribute the difference? Second Life needs to overcome the idea and perception that it’s â€Å"just another game site.† Other obstacles include ease-of-use, interoperability between pre-established business systems and Second L ife’s  proprietary system. It needs to create ways to import and export data between  its system and externalbusiness systems —don’t require data to be re  -input into either system. Second Life faces more obstaclesin trying to become a mainstream educational tool. Educators are inherently opposed to online, distanceeducation because it supposedly lacks the face-to-face communication between teachers and students.However, as more education is carried online, Second Life has all the tools in place to make it easy toconduct classes, especially its online collaboration tools.

Charles Darwin, The Most Influential Nineteenth Century...

In the 19th century, scientific research progressed rapidly outside the world of industry and technology (McKay 744). British scientist, Charles Darwin, was the most influential nineteenth-century evolutionary thinker. Darwin spent his early career, amassing enormous amounts of biological and geological data from his voyage to South America (Fiero 3). In 1859, he published his classic work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, where he summarizes his theory of evolution with the thought of struggle for survival, or natural selection. Furthermore, natural selection is the idea of groups of species surviving through generations by adapting to changes in the environment and using certain characteristics as an advantage. In addition, natural selection challenged traditional ideas about nature and world order, and it was also taken steps further by many thinkers. English philosopher, Herbert Spencer, saw the human race driven forward to ever-greater specialization and prog ress by a brutal economic struggle that determined the â€Å"survival of the fittest† (McKay 745). The notion of a body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an un-ending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest defines Social Darwinism (McKay 745). As European and American upper class sought to extend political and economic power, Social Darwinism proved toShow MoreRelatedFieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagesof human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. 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Becoming a World-Class Engineering Student Free Essay Example, 2000 words

I have to admit that STEM coursework is a challenge. Albeit I find most of the topics about STEM to be interesting, not all of them are easy to understand. At present, my self-confidence about STEM is not that high because I am still having challenges with some of the subjects related to it. A world-class engineering or computer science student is confident about her knowledge in science, technology, and math but not overconfident that would make him or her lax on his or her study. To become confident about STEM, I will work on the subjects that I have challenges. I believe that overcoming them will spawn a renewed confidence in me about my STEM coursework. I am not reluctant to seek help with friends. I have to admit however that I limit the people I ask help to people that I am comfortable with. Sometimes, I feel shy to ask help from people that I am not close to because they may think I am a bother or not paying attention to my class. A world-class student in engineering an d computer science, however, is not embarrassed to ask help when it is needed. He or she is always on the lookout to understand and master the lessons relating to the course and will not hesitate to ask if he or she does not understand it. Sometimes, these lessons are not even related to the class but the student still asks questions to understand a particular concept. I believe that I must go out of my comfort zone when asking help from peers for lessons that I am not sure of. I must not limit the people that I ask help from my friends but must also include those who are well versed in the subject that includes professors and higher class. I believe that I have no problem with a change that would enable me to grow and improve. I embrace change realizing that it is the only thing that is constant in this world. World-class students also embrace change and are not threatened by it. In fact, they are the agent of change because they constantly seek ways to improve and change how things are done. We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming a World-Class Engineering Student or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now